NASA Essay -- National Aeronautics Space Administration Essays

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, was established in 1958 under the Eisenhower administration. Its main purpose was to act as an independent agency to direct the nation’s space missions and research programs. Over the past 45 years, since its inception, NASA has experienced many problems and has received recent negative publicity. NASA has had longstanding managerial problems on the inside and with outside contractors. They have also failed to estimate costs and have conducted projects well beyond what their budget dictates. An example of that would be with the failed X-33 project, among others. This analysis will explore these areas of NASA and provide preliminary recommendations as to how the program can better itself, from management to new vehicles. Although research of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) government contractors over the last thirty years did not uncover any major allegations of shoddy workmanship or under spec deliverables, it did reveal serious issues with regard to billing fraud and huge bonuses paid out on over budget projects. Over the years there have been numerous allegations of fraud and abuse by NASA contractors. Finally in November 2000 the government was able to win a settlement against the Boeing Company of Seattle and the Houston-based United Space Alliance for a total of $825,000. In addition to the money that was awarded, these two companies agreed to forfeit any rights they have to collect on $1.2 million in unpaid invoices. This settlement was related to allegations that false claims had been submitted for work supposedly performed between 1986 and 1992 under the NASA Space Shuttle and Space Station Freedom programs. Originally, the Rockwell Space Operations Company (RSOC) was the contractor who was hired to manage the two programs. An RSOC sub-contractor, Omniplan Corporation, is accused of being involved in numerous fraudulent billing activities. The result of this fraud was that the United States was overcharged millions of dollars. The Boeing Company acquired RSOC in 1996 and at that time United Space Alliance took over the management of the two space programs. The government tried to sue Omniplan in 1993, but the company went bankrupt. In January 2000 the government then filed suit against RSOC claiming that they had submitted Omniplan’s false invoices. It is... ...ay.com/news/nation/2003-02-02-safety-usat_x.htm David, L. (2000). Experimental spaceplane gets new lease on life. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/x33_newlease_001002.html David, L. (2001). NASA shuts down X-33, X-34 programs. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/missions/x33_cancel_010301.html Eisler, P. (2003). Criticism about aging spacecraft and safety gets new attention. USA Today. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-02-02-safety-usat_x.htm Nelson, D. (2003). NASA problems. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.nasaproblems.com Spires, S. (2003). O’Keefe says local center’s place in space is crucial to agency’s key programs. Marshall Space Flight Center news release. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://std.msfc.nasa.gov/news/okeefe.html Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.aerospacecommission.gov/quick_facts.html Retrieved March 1, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.nasa.gov/about/budget/content/FY_2004_full_budget.pdf

Pressures students face Essay

Imagine sitting in a classroom full of college students. They are from all walks of life. What could possibly be going on in the heads of those students? For instance could it be about the girl or boy that they have a crush on? Maybe they are wondering what they will do after school today? No, most of these students are working jobs to pay bills and tuition for the college they are attending. Also trying to maintain a good grade average which has to be a C or higher. These are some of the pressures that most college students have to face in this time of their lives. First, the pressures to perform academically are one of the primary causes of stress for all students. Most colleges recommend that students maintain a 2. 0 GPA and a C average or better in order to keep the finical aide they received and to pass their semesters. First, coursework can be very demanding. For instance students who want to do their best and excel in school will want to make the top grades and struggle to get into graduate schools places a lot of pressure on them. If a student falls below a C average they will not pass the semester that they are taking and will lose what finical aide that was acquired for them to attend college. So keeping good grades is the main pressure they have to face besides having to pay to go to college. In addition to paying for college is another pressure that a college student has to face every year Students have to make sure there are enough funds for books, classes, supplies, and if so rooms. Many students face financial stresses. Students have to find enough money to pay for their tuition as well as getting enough funds to cover living expenses and traveling expenses back and forth while attending college. Furthermore students that have sufficient funds to pay for college still have to worry about repaying the loans that they have gotten before even graduating from college and joining the work force. Finally, being a full time student and working a full time job can be overwhelming for college students. Taking full time classes and juggling a job puts a lot of pressure on students and leaves little time for them to study and attend classes. Friedrich Nietzsche once quoted That which does not kill us makes us stronger. Meaning that if students can juggle jobs and college that will only make them stronger and better at what they do. Therefore, college students face pressures by trying to work, making sure they maintain good grades and having enough tuition to pay for the college. Students have to face so many pressures going to college this is only a few of them. Being a full time student and working is not an easy job but people who want to get anywhere in their lives have to better their education so they can get better job opportunities. Many students with a lot of pressures just want to give up and quit at times. But as Winston Churchill once quoted Never, never, never give up. They just need to keep trying and no matter what once they graduate and have degree in their hands it will be well worth the pressures they had to endure during college.

Education For Students With Disabilities - 803 Words

Educators continue to determine the best way to teach students with disabilities. As more children with various disabilities, and other impairments learn with â€Å"typical† children, educators continue to learn how to include these students in their classroom. There are challenges and benefits that continue to emerge for educators, children with disabilities, and their non-disabled peers. However, the educational system would agree that education for students with disabilities has improved greatly. Students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms have shown an increasing number of academic gains in a number of areas, including better test scores, completing IEP goals, grades, behavior and inspiration to learn. Placement in an inclusive classroom does not disrupt the academic performance of students without disabilities; it actually enhances students performances in and outside of the classroom. Inclusion helps students build relationships, improve social skills and much more. According to Kathleen (2013), â€Å"the types of instructional strategies found in inclusive classrooms, including peer tutoring, cooperative learning groups, and differentiated instruction, have been shown to be beneficial to all learners† (p.2). In my classroom, I have used peer tutoring to help assist the students who have IEPs, this teaching strategy has led to students achieving their IEP goals and increased learning confidence in both students. Throughout the documentary the Habib family shared theirShow MoreRelatedStudents With Disabilities And Their Education1305 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude students with disabilities in general education classes. There are a lot of concerns of whether or not full inclusion is appropriate for all students, how you address certain concerns, how to communicate and involve parents and a lot of other things. Everyone has their own personal views and why they feel the way they do. The controversy will always remain on the topic of students with disabilities and their education. I am slowly starting to form an opinion on whether or not students withRead MoreStudents With Disabilities Of Physical Education1705 Words   |  7 Pages Students with Disabilities in Physical Education Megan R. Johnson Lincoln Memorial University â€Æ' Students with Disabilities in Physical Education More and more students with disabilities are being taught in the public school system today than in the past ten or so years. This gives the students the opportunity to learn and prosper in their least restrictive environment along with their peers. Many educators, as well as those in physical education, are learning how to implement and incorporateRead MoreThe Role Of Students In Disabilities In Education837 Words   |  4 PagesThere is an increasing prevalence of disability in modern school populations. Only a small percentage of this group, however, attends post-secondary institutions to further their education, and an even smaller amount attends these for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education or careers. Recently, an article entitled â€Å"Postsecondary STEM Education for Students with Disabilities: Lessons Learned from a Decade of NSF Funding† was published, detailing a project spanning fourRead MoreSpecial Education For Students With Dis abilities1466 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial Education in early childhood classrooms are a privilege for students. Parents or guardians need to be educated on the special education laws, referrals, and evaluation process. As educators we need to advocate to parents or guardians that special education is not a location, but a service to help children reach their full potential in the classroom and as a citizen of society. The earlier the intervention for a child the greater the chance the child will succeed. The United States hasRead MoreSpecial Education For Students With Disabilities797 Words   |  4 Pagesspecial education has made great gains in providing individualized education for students with disabilities. Because of the law, researchers, schools, and teachers are able to find the latest advances in providing successful academic and social experiences for all students. However, while there have been great gains in the field, there are many issues that have yet to be add ressed. These issues in special education can limit the educational experiences and outcomes for students with disabilities. ManyRead MoreDistance Education For Students With Disabilities866 Words   |  4 PagesDistance Education for Students with Disabilities History of Distance Learning and Learning Disabilities With the rise in technology and internet access, there has been an increase in schools and universities that offer courses online that make education accessible to people all around the world. This has allowed many options for students that may not have otherwise had access to the education that they wanted and an increase in a number of options to best suit them. This includes those with disabilitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of Special Education For Students With Disabilities899 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial education is considered to be a relatively new field within education, with true recognition of student’s disabilities occurring around the 1900’s (Frost Kersten, 2011). Up until that time, students with disabilities were viewed with superstition and fear. As the public became more passionate about students with disabilities and with the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the stage was set for providing equal opportunities for education of all chil dren. Additional courtRead MoreSpecial Education Curriculum For Students With Disabilities837 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"special education curriculum†? At first I was a little confused about this question. I was thinking about special education curriculum in the terms of an adaptive curriculum. After reading the articles form this module and locating my own article, â€Å"special education curriculum† refers to what educators are doing to make the general education curriculum accessible to students with disabilities. Although there have been many changes related to the education of students with disabilities, there isRead More Students with Disabilities in Career and Technical Education2015 Words   |  9 PagesStudents with Disabilities in Career and Technical Education Career and technical education (CTE) can provide significant benefits to students with disabilities. CTE teachers need to be aware of the rights of students with disabilities and of the planning process involved in meeting their needs. In addition, CTE teachers must know what role they play both in planning and in providing instruction. CTE teachers often need background information on the details of disabilities and the accommodationsRead MoreMy Reading On Reading Disabilities, And The Impact That They Have On Students Education1741 Words   |  7 Pages I wanted to learn more about reading disabilities, and the impact that they have on students’ education. I was lucky that my reading problems did not impact my education, and I was able to read very well. Reading is one of the most important skills that students learn in school. Being able to reading is paramount to student’s success throughout school and life. It is estimated that 10% to 15% of school aged children have some form of a reading disability. Reading is a complex task involving decoding

Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Learning Development

Critical thinking and problem solving are skills required to increase the growth in children’s learning and development, especially if our goal is to prepare a community of effective life-long learners. Researchers find that the definitions of each of these skills vary among the education community, but the necessity of student acquisition of these skills is demanded in the learning process. Critical thinking and problem solving offer an extensive, fundamental skill to the educating of children. This skill set is necessary for student understanding, development, and learning. It has been found that the internalization and automatic use of these skills would greatly increase student opportunity as future learners provide insight of†¦show more content†¦Rethinking and validating these concepts exposes students, learners, and teachers to another view that may cause emotions to increase during discussions. Critical thinking involves the area of cognition, so the learner a nd teacher must be at some level of knowing (background on the topic) when embarking on this task. Also, teaching or facilitating critical thinking exercises challenges the role of the teacher and increases the level of discomfort. The facilitation format is uncomfortable. This specifically affects the teacher whose position for classroom motivation, directing, and instructing is done predominately by standing in front of the classroom (Brookfield, 2010). However, he found that this â€Å"sage on the stage† practice can be overcome by developing the personality of the teacher. He also indicates that the Teacher of the Year or other charismatic leaders can motivate and gain the learner‘s interest and maintain motivation by the â€Å"force of their personalities† Brookfield (2010, p. 235). Although this teaching style may cause some teachers difficulty, problem solving has been used, incorporated in the curriculum, and widely accepted throughout the world of educat ion. According to Sezer (2008), the Bloom Taxonomy has served as the framework for educators for many years. The art of problem solving would be at the top of Bloom’s hierarchy because problemShow MoreRelatedThe Learning Approaches Teacher s Students On The Path Of Developing Critical Thinking Skills765 Words   |  4 Pagesthan providing problems and the information required to resolve them, students are given opportunities to explore, question, analyze, interpret, collaborate, experience, and more, to acquire knowledge and build critical thinking skills. The goal is for all students to develop these skills and when opportunity arises, transfer them into real-world situations. Today, there are many ways to engage and involve students in the social studies classroom. This essay will look at three learning approachesRead MoreEssay on Critical Thinking1261 Words   |  6 Pages The concepts of critical thinking and creative thinking are both gaining increasing importance in the world today. Critical thinking allows people to understand difficult concepts in a manner that is clearer and more defined. They can more readily understand those concepts if they employ critical thinking. In all portions of everyday life, a person is expected to make independent judgments. Those judgments are based on experience and knowledge. Without the ability to think critically, everyRead MoreAssessment Of The Kindergarten Classroom : An Empirical Study Of Teachers Assessment Approaches1593 Words   |  7 Pageskindergarten teachers face the challenge of balancing traditional developmental programming with the academically oriented curriculum that is currently required. The essence of this challenge is to use assessments to measure and communicate student learning in relation to their curricular stance. The first article that I examined to investigate the issue was â€Å"Assessment in the Kindergarten Classroom: An Empirical Study of Teachers’ Assessment Approaches† by Angela Pyle and Christopher DeLuca. The articleRead MoreArgument Essay : Argument For Learning708 Words   |  3 PagesArgument in Learning Student University Argument in Learning Introduction Argument is an ability that requires a person to have deep and elaborate thinking. The ideas or opinions supported by concrete and powerful thinking skills. Through argument, one convinces woes or passes information across different platforms. It helps in problem solving of various natures and delivery of ideas and passing opinions. It is through argument platforms that we learn high order thinkers and peopleRead MoreCritical Thinking And Decision Making1198 Words   |  5 PagesCritical thinking is the process of actively conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information gathered from the observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication. Critical thinking is a guide to belief and action (Scriven Paul 1987). In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairnessRead MoreE valuate How To Communicate And Integrated Case Study991 Words   |  4 Pagesimplement the use of technology to create a blended professional learning community across districts within our state to share knowledge with fellow faculty on how a deeper understanding of subject matter can enhance problem- solving, critical thinking, and other 21st-century skills. Goal: The goal of our research study was to understand how the incorporation and implementation of the use of technology to create a blended professional learning community across districts within our state to share knowledgeRead MoreCritical Thinking1715 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL: HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM DEPARTMENT: TOURISM UNIT CODE: UCU 103 UNIT TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING GROUP MEMBERS NAMES: REG.NO. CONTACTS SIGN GEOFFREY A.G T12S/8705/2013 0728812037 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. PETER WAMBUI T12S/19590/2013 0726581625 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ROSE WACHIRA T12S/21534/2013 0717236599 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... NASSIUMA PURITY T12S/21394/2013 0702057789 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... RADHI OLANG’O T12S/19632/2013 0704290026 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHEMUTAI DAISY T12S/19632/2013 0702645207Read MoreDifferences Between Traditional Math Instruction And A Problem Based Instructional Model1154 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper will explore some of the major differences between traditional math instruction and a problem-based instructional model. These models are defined largely by characteristics such as classroom environment, learning goals, teachers’ roles and whole-group approaches. I will address each of these topics more thoroughly throughout this paper and conclude by sharing some of my personal thoughts and goals regarding these two instructional approaches as they relate to the teaching of math. InRead MoreDifference in competencies between ADN and BSN Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesDifference in education, critical thinking, communication and problem solving skill, quality of care and scope of practice makes BSN more competent. Education ADN is a two year program mainly provided by community colleges. It is more focused on clinical and technical skills rather than critical thinking, communication and problem solving skills. Hence they are fit for bedside nursing care which is more task oriented. BSN is a four year program provided by places of higher learning such as UniversitiesRead MoreThe Implementation Of The 21st Century Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe implementation of the 21st century skills requires the development of the core academic subject its knowledge and understanding among all students. In the K-12 curriculum the development of scientifically, technologically, and environmentally literate and productive members of society who are critical problem solvers, responsible stewards of nature, innovative and creative citizens, informed decision makers and effective communicators is the Science curriculum goal. To carry out this goal, the

The Stanford Prison Experiment And Jonestown - 1450 Words

Follow the Leader Human beings perform actions that are often deemed illogical or detrimental. The activities are regularly enforced, encouraged, and compounded by others. The actions can be related to categories such as authority pressure, peer pressure, and situational pressure. In looking at articles like ‘The Stanford Prison Experiment’ and â€Å"Jonestown†, the categories above can be confirmed. The articles show how people conform to the circumstances that surround them and provide little or no objection to the situation. The use of a tobacco product is a prime example of a detrimental action that people participate in due to the pressures placed on them or innuendos that are implied through authority, peers, or situations. Authoritative pressure could be defined as a type of coercion that is imposed by an individual in a supervisory or authoritarian role within a workplace or industry. Similar to the experiment that Mills discusses Stanley Milgram, PhD co nducting in â€Å"More shocking results: New research replicates Milgram s findings†, supervisors replace teachers and new employees replicate students. In my experience, a large portion of men employed on construction sites participate in the use of some form of tobacco, most notably, chewing tobacco. Construction workers often begin their initial employment in the industry as general laborers or construction helpers. The general progression for advancement leads each employee to a more specialized and skilled position,

tax on Musicians Income

Question: Discuss about the Advice Peter of the amounts that will be assessable in Australia for the years identified in the facts. Answer: This case study highlights the provisions of income which is assessable in Australia. After understanding the case study in detail one would understand the provisions of income tax in Australia. This case is about a band which has four members in it. Out of the four two are from Australia and other two are British citizens but have taken citizenships of Australia. But in the given case we would study only about the incomes which were earned by one of the members named as Peter. Peter was an Australian resident which also had a house in Australia. He had leased out his house on rent since most of the time he is in Britain with his band. The band was mostly successful in Britain and other countries so they had decided to move out of Australia. Their thought was to first be successful in Britain and then come back to Australia. During their phase of band they have earned several incomes in several years which needs to be taxable in Australia. Musicians should be treated as normal tax pa yers when determining assessable income. There are various provisions on which all these incomes should be taxable. Below description of all the incomes are given which was earned by them in respective years: To pay for the expenses and airfare Peter had sold his car for $60,000 which was purchased in 2010 for $95,000. This income would be considered under Capital Gain and capital gain tax would be charged on it and would be taxable in 2016. To bare more expenses had also sold his shares for $11,000 which he had bought it in 2011 for $5,000. Even in this case Capital gain tax needs to be charged on it. Their musical band had won ARIA award in Australia for best album in the year 2015. Each member had earned $20,000. This income should be taxable as other income. Till the time their band left for Britain, they were performing live shows in Australia for which each band member had received $140,000 from July 2015 till 20th January 2016. This is their primary income and needs to be taxed as well. The musical band had done a concert in Britain for which each band member had received $150,000. This income also needs to be taxable. Their band was a success in Britain. They had released an album in September 2016 which was successful. It was well sold in Britain, parts of Europe and parts of America and Australia as well. Due to good sales each band member had also received $30,000 as royalties. This income needs to be taxed s royalty income earned. Again in December 2016 band have won ARIA award in Australia for which each member had earned $10,000. This also needs to be taxed. The band continued to receive royalties in the year 2017 for the newest album. Amount received by each member was $15,000. In 2017 their album was awarded with best album of the year award by British Music Association. Each band member had received $16,000 from the association. To know whether all the above mentioned incomes are taxable or not, one needs to understand the provisions of assessable incomes in Australia. Rule: As per Australian taxation law capital gain or loss on an asset is the difference between the purchase price of the asset and the money which was received when it is disposed. Most of the personal assets are exempt from capital gain tax like home, car, furniture etc. A motor car which can carry a load of less than one tonne or fewer than nine passengers are exempt from capital gain tax.[1] When shares are sold then it would also attract capital gain tax. Shares are not exempted like cars. Capital gain tax needs to be charged on the profit earned by selling shares.[2] The ATO office have made separate guidelines for musicians and other live performers. Musicians and other live performers does not have fixed income, their income may be very high or may be very low as well. Incomes which needs to be taxed under Australian income tax are: Any advance or royalties received for publishing or any album. Live performance Merchandise Synch licensing Selling CDs at gigs or online Grants [3] All the expenses which are related to the business of the band should be deductible under the Australian tax system. But these expenses should be directly related to the income which needs to be taxed. If the income is not directly related then expenses would not be deducted[4]. Application: Now all the provisions mentioned above needs to be applied in the given case. The discussion for each of the income earned by Peter is given below in detail: Peter had to sell his car so that he can bare his flight and other expenses. He had sold his car at loss of $35,000. Capital Gain Tax Australia clearly states that all personal asset of an individual would not be considered as a capital asset and hence no capital gain tax should be charged on it. Since the car was owned by Peter, it is assumed that the car is for less than 9 individuals and less than one tonne. Hence on the basis of this provision capital gain on the car sold by Peter would not be considered under assessable income for the year 2016. This point was very similar to the case of Fosters Australia Limited v Commissioner Concerned. Income assessable for the year 2016 would be NIL.[5] As per Australian Taxation Office if an individual has invested in any shares of company then it should also be treated as a capital asset. When shares are sold by the concerned person then capital gain tax needs to be charged on it. The given case is very similar to the case of South Australia v Totani (2010). Similar decision should be taken in this case where Peter had sold his shares at a profit for $6,000. This amount needs to be included while computing the assessable income of Peter. Income assessable for the year 2016 was $6,000.[6] Peter was working in a band which used to make music. They had a brand new album in Australia in 2015 for which they have won ARIA Award. Each member had received $20,000 as award. Since they were in a music band this needs to be considered as a partnership. Hence they should be taxed based on the profits which are shared among them. Australian Taxation Office clearly states that all the incomes earned through live performance should be included under assessable income. Tony Hollis was a live performer in Australia and after his album became a success, al the income earned by him through awards were taxable. In the same way award of $20,000 earned by Peter should also be included in the assessable income. Income assessable for the year 2015 was $20,000.[7] Their band was about to leave Australia in January 2016. Till that time they were giving live performances in Australia itself. They did live shows from July 2015 to 20th January 2016. For their live shows each member was given $140,000. As mentioned in the above point that any income received for giving live performance should be taxable, amount of $140,000 should also be taxable. Tony Hollis was a live performer in Australia and after his album became a success, al the income earned by him through awards were taxable. Income assessable for the year 2015 would be $140,000. [8] On 20th January, the entire team had gone to Britain for better prospects. They had received a great response for their live shows and performances for each member was awarded with $150,000. As discussed in the above two points, this is an income earned through live performance, hence it would be included in the assessable income of Peter. Apart from the income earned by them, all the expenses borne by the band in relation to the mentioned income should also be deducted from their income. Income assessable for the 2016 would be $150,000. [9] In September 2016, they have released an album in Britain which was very successful. Due to such a huge success every band member had received $30,000 as royalty. As per Australian Taxation Office royalty income earned by a musician should also be included in the assessable income. Music royalty have a very strong linkage to the individuals. In such cases musicians have the copyright to create music and can also license it for performances independent of corporates. Now since Peter and his colleagues has the copyright of the album, they are entitled to receive royalty. This royalty has to be considered in the assessable income of Peter. This has to be included in the year 2016. [10] Again in 2016 their band had won ARIA award in Australia for the new band released. Each member had receive $10,000. This amount would also be considered in the assessable income for the year 2016.[11] In the year 2017 band was continuing to receive royalty for the band which was released in the year 2016. Every member received $15,000 as royalty. Hence the given amount needs to be included in the assessable income for the year 2017. Now Britain had awarded the band in 2017 for their new album which was released in the year 2016. Each member had received $16,000 as an award. As per the provisions which were discussed in the above mentioned points, this royalty income also needs to be included in assessable income.[12] Conclusion: The total assessable income for Peter for the respective years are given below: In the year 2015 Peter had earned the following income which needs to be included in the assessable income: ARIA award earned by Peter amounting to $20,000 Amount received for live performance - $140,000 Total amount assessable in 2015 would be $160,000 In the year 2016 Peter had earned the following income which needs to be included in the assessable income: Profit earned by sale of shares - $6,000 Amount earned for live performance in Britain - $150,000 Royalty received for the new album 30,000 ARIA award received in Australia - $10,000 Total amount assessable in 2016 would be $196,000 In the year 2017 Peter had earned the following income which needs to be included in the assessable income: (ato.gov.au, 2017) Award received in 2017 for the album released in 2016 - $16,000 Royalty received in 2017 - $15,000 Total amount assessable in 2017 would be $31,000 Total assessable income for Peter would come to Year 2015 + Year 2016 + Year 2017 = $160,000 + $196,000 + $31,000 = $387,000 References artslaw, 2017. artslaw. [Online] Available at: https://www.artslaw.com.au/case-studies/entry/tony-hollis-performers-rights-to-payment-and-royalties/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. ato.gov.au, 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/international-tax-for-individuals/coming-to-australia/paying-tax-and-lodging a-tax-return/what-income-you-pay-tax-on/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. globalpropertyguide, 2017. globalpropertyguide. [Online] Available at: https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Taxes-and-Costs [Accessed 5th April 2017]. Government, A., 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/Working-out-your-capital-gain-or-loss/Working-out your-capital-gain/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. guides.dss.gov.au, 2017. guides.dss.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://guides.dss.gov.au/guide-social-security-law/4/3/9/40 [Accessed 5th April 2017]. HighCourtofAustralia, 2017. eresources.hcourt.gov. [Online] Available at: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/showCase/2010/HCA/39 [Accessed 5th April 2017]. indiankanoon, 2017. indiankanoon. [Online] Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/52028/ [Accessed 5th Aoril 2017]. Musicindustry, 2017. musicindustryinsideout. [Online] Available at: https://musicindustryinsideout.com.au/tax-guide-musicians/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. Government, A., 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/capital-gains-tax/cgt-exemptions,-rollovers-and-concessions/exemptions/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. Punchbuggy, 2017. artslaw. [Online] Available at: https://www.artslaw.com.au/art-law/entry/tax-for-artiststips-for-a-stress-free-tax-return/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. royaltyexchange, 2017. royaltyexchange. [Online] Available at: https://www.royaltyexchange.com/learn/music-royalties#sthash.ZYALcZvk.dpbs [Accessed 5th April 2017]. smh.com.au, 2017. smh.com.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/ten-australian-artists-you-should-be-listening-to-right-now-20151102-gkona3.html [Accessed 5th April 2017].

Personal Identity Locke and Hume Essay Example

Personal Identity: Locke and Hume Paper By claiming that it does not necessarily belong to any one mind in particular is inferring then that the self is not in fact a property. Then how can it be said to exist? Thomas Reid (Macquarie, lecture 17) also raises an important objection to Lockes theory of personal identity that seems fairly self-evident to me. We can consider a man as: a child, then in middle age and at old age. If the man in middle age can remember occurrences when he was a young boy, but now that he is an old man cant, then can he be considered a different person from the young boy? 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According to Hume however, this was a mistake, and when examined empirically no more than a practical habit: I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never observe anything but the perception(TI, vi, p. 251). It is clear, posits Hume, our thoughts and perceptions flow from one idea to the next; so we encounter a bundle, or grouping, of perceptions throughout our life but no actual continuous and enduring underlying self or I as a unity of consciousness. While there is a stability of perceptions over the short term, and some loose association of experiences, there is no overarching continuity of I in reality. Hume agrees that we extend over time in actions, we begin a job and finish it some time later, and that our desires also extend in some sort of continuity over time. Furthermore our physical bodies endure reasonably consistently; we age gradually. This according to Hume is what ultimately defines our sense of personal identity. While Humes theory of the self is attractive in my view, if anything it doesnt go far enough toward demonstrating the illusory nature of the I. According to many in the Eastern metaphysical traditions, particularly Buddhism, if we accept everything must be causal in nature, a position that empiricists such as Locke and Hume would agree, then phenomena must arrive in a mutually interdependent web. No thing can arise in and of itself intrinsically, but rather needs external causes to arise. This fundamental axiom can be found within the logical law of identity A=A. Or expressed another way A= not -A. For something to be said to exist, to have identity, we have to be able to contrast it with everything that it is not. In this way all things depend on others for existence; known in the Buddhist tradition variously as dependent origination or co-dependent arising, among other terms. Consciousness is what demarcates objects, phenomena etc, from what it is not . We, as conscious beings are constantly drawing boundaries-with our perceptions, concepts and so forth-defining the A, and always in an arbitrary fashion. For where can a boundary be objectively said to exist out there to any particular thing? It must ultimately reside within our minds. So too, in my opinion, can it be said the I itself. If we are indeed a collection of experiences, desires, and an embodied being over time, then that bundle we designate the self is also a construct created by consciousness; rather than an objective, inherently existent thing-in-itself. The account by Sacks (1985) of William Thompson whom has lost his memory due to Korsakovs syndrome also points to this reality, in my view. For if a personal identity relies on a sense of continuity through memory, as Locke would have it. And therefore can be effectively erased or pithed as Sacks puts it through damage to the brain, then how was the self ever an objectively existing thing in the first place? Surely then it is just another object of consciousness in Thompsons mind-what has been erased or damaged is a brains memory, not an personal identity-in-itself. Moreover that Thompson has to confabulate stories, in order to give himself some sense, or illusion, of continuity, points in my view to the fact that thats what we all do in our minds to some degree constantly. I may remember myself as being a top footballer as a teenager many years ago, but is it empirically, and more importantly, objectively true? Even the best memories can be deceptive, especially over longer periods. Thus like Thompson all we ultimately have is a self-narrative, at this moment, contained within our consciousness. Our self, while seemingly illusory, is ultimately what we define it to be in any given moment. In the Buddhist tradition this is known as the middle way. So, while Humes bundle theory of the self points us in the right direction by drawing into question Lockes unity of consciousness as a means of defining identity. And instead posits we understand our selves as a composition of many different and related yet constantly changing elements, it seems to me he still is reluctant to totally dispose of the idea that there can be an objectively or inherently existent I A self that ultimately perceives the unity of these various states and processes within us. In the tradition of the sceptic Hume himself, I remain dubious that such a unifier self can be said to objectively exist. References Hume, David. Of personal identity in A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume, David; Selby-Bigge, L. A. , 1972 , 251-253 . Locke, John. Of identity and diversity extract in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke, John; Nidditch, Peter H. , 1975 , 328-347. Macquarie University PHI130SP3 Mind, Meaning and Metaphysics: Week 9 Unit content. Parfit, Derek. Why our identity is not what matters extracts in Reasons and Persons, Parfit, Derek, 1984, 245-249, 253. Sacks, Oliver, A matter of identity in The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, Sacks, Oliver, 1985, 103-110. Shoemaker, David. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Personal Identity and Ethics. First published Tue Dec 20, 2005; substantive revision Wed Mar 5, 2008. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/identity-ethics/ (accessed November 3, 2008)