Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Learning Development

Critical thinking and problem solving are skills required to increase the growth in children’s learning and development, especially if our goal is to prepare a community of effective life-long learners. Researchers find that the definitions of each of these skills vary among the education community, but the necessity of student acquisition of these skills is demanded in the learning process. Critical thinking and problem solving offer an extensive, fundamental skill to the educating of children. This skill set is necessary for student understanding, development, and learning. It has been found that the internalization and automatic use of these skills would greatly increase student opportunity as future learners provide insight of†¦show more content†¦Rethinking and validating these concepts exposes students, learners, and teachers to another view that may cause emotions to increase during discussions. Critical thinking involves the area of cognition, so the learner a nd teacher must be at some level of knowing (background on the topic) when embarking on this task. Also, teaching or facilitating critical thinking exercises challenges the role of the teacher and increases the level of discomfort. The facilitation format is uncomfortable. This specifically affects the teacher whose position for classroom motivation, directing, and instructing is done predominately by standing in front of the classroom (Brookfield, 2010). However, he found that this â€Å"sage on the stage† practice can be overcome by developing the personality of the teacher. He also indicates that the Teacher of the Year or other charismatic leaders can motivate and gain the learner‘s interest and maintain motivation by the â€Å"force of their personalities† Brookfield (2010, p. 235). Although this teaching style may cause some teachers difficulty, problem solving has been used, incorporated in the curriculum, and widely accepted throughout the world of educat ion. According to Sezer (2008), the Bloom Taxonomy has served as the framework for educators for many years. The art of problem solving would be at the top of Bloom’s hierarchy because problemShow MoreRelatedThe Learning Approaches Teacher s Students On The Path Of Developing Critical Thinking Skills765 Words   |  4 Pagesthan providing problems and the information required to resolve them, students are given opportunities to explore, question, analyze, interpret, collaborate, experience, and more, to acquire knowledge and build critical thinking skills. The goal is for all students to develop these skills and when opportunity arises, transfer them into real-world situations. Today, there are many ways to engage and involve students in the social studies classroom. 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Education ADN is a two year program mainly provided by community colleges. It is more focused on clinical and technical skills rather than critical thinking, communication and problem solving skills. Hence they are fit for bedside nursing care which is more task oriented. BSN is a four year program provided by places of higher learning such as UniversitiesRead MoreThe Implementation Of The 21st Century Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe implementation of the 21st century skills requires the development of the core academic subject its knowledge and understanding among all students. In the K-12 curriculum the development of scientifically, technologically, and environmentally literate and productive members of society who are critical problem solvers, responsible stewards of nature, innovative and creative citizens, informed decision makers and effective communicators is the Science curriculum goal. To carry out this goal, the

The Stanford Prison Experiment And Jonestown - 1450 Words

Follow the Leader Human beings perform actions that are often deemed illogical or detrimental. The activities are regularly enforced, encouraged, and compounded by others. The actions can be related to categories such as authority pressure, peer pressure, and situational pressure. In looking at articles like ‘The Stanford Prison Experiment’ and â€Å"Jonestown†, the categories above can be confirmed. The articles show how people conform to the circumstances that surround them and provide little or no objection to the situation. The use of a tobacco product is a prime example of a detrimental action that people participate in due to the pressures placed on them or innuendos that are implied through authority, peers, or situations. Authoritative pressure could be defined as a type of coercion that is imposed by an individual in a supervisory or authoritarian role within a workplace or industry. Similar to the experiment that Mills discusses Stanley Milgram, PhD co nducting in â€Å"More shocking results: New research replicates Milgram s findings†, supervisors replace teachers and new employees replicate students. In my experience, a large portion of men employed on construction sites participate in the use of some form of tobacco, most notably, chewing tobacco. Construction workers often begin their initial employment in the industry as general laborers or construction helpers. The general progression for advancement leads each employee to a more specialized and skilled position,

tax on Musicians Income

Question: Discuss about the Advice Peter of the amounts that will be assessable in Australia for the years identified in the facts. Answer: This case study highlights the provisions of income which is assessable in Australia. After understanding the case study in detail one would understand the provisions of income tax in Australia. This case is about a band which has four members in it. Out of the four two are from Australia and other two are British citizens but have taken citizenships of Australia. But in the given case we would study only about the incomes which were earned by one of the members named as Peter. Peter was an Australian resident which also had a house in Australia. He had leased out his house on rent since most of the time he is in Britain with his band. The band was mostly successful in Britain and other countries so they had decided to move out of Australia. Their thought was to first be successful in Britain and then come back to Australia. During their phase of band they have earned several incomes in several years which needs to be taxable in Australia. Musicians should be treated as normal tax pa yers when determining assessable income. There are various provisions on which all these incomes should be taxable. Below description of all the incomes are given which was earned by them in respective years: To pay for the expenses and airfare Peter had sold his car for $60,000 which was purchased in 2010 for $95,000. This income would be considered under Capital Gain and capital gain tax would be charged on it and would be taxable in 2016. To bare more expenses had also sold his shares for $11,000 which he had bought it in 2011 for $5,000. Even in this case Capital gain tax needs to be charged on it. Their musical band had won ARIA award in Australia for best album in the year 2015. Each member had earned $20,000. This income should be taxable as other income. Till the time their band left for Britain, they were performing live shows in Australia for which each band member had received $140,000 from July 2015 till 20th January 2016. This is their primary income and needs to be taxed as well. The musical band had done a concert in Britain for which each band member had received $150,000. This income also needs to be taxable. Their band was a success in Britain. They had released an album in September 2016 which was successful. It was well sold in Britain, parts of Europe and parts of America and Australia as well. Due to good sales each band member had also received $30,000 as royalties. This income needs to be taxed s royalty income earned. Again in December 2016 band have won ARIA award in Australia for which each member had earned $10,000. This also needs to be taxed. The band continued to receive royalties in the year 2017 for the newest album. Amount received by each member was $15,000. In 2017 their album was awarded with best album of the year award by British Music Association. Each band member had received $16,000 from the association. To know whether all the above mentioned incomes are taxable or not, one needs to understand the provisions of assessable incomes in Australia. Rule: As per Australian taxation law capital gain or loss on an asset is the difference between the purchase price of the asset and the money which was received when it is disposed. Most of the personal assets are exempt from capital gain tax like home, car, furniture etc. A motor car which can carry a load of less than one tonne or fewer than nine passengers are exempt from capital gain tax.[1] When shares are sold then it would also attract capital gain tax. Shares are not exempted like cars. Capital gain tax needs to be charged on the profit earned by selling shares.[2] The ATO office have made separate guidelines for musicians and other live performers. Musicians and other live performers does not have fixed income, their income may be very high or may be very low as well. Incomes which needs to be taxed under Australian income tax are: Any advance or royalties received for publishing or any album. Live performance Merchandise Synch licensing Selling CDs at gigs or online Grants [3] All the expenses which are related to the business of the band should be deductible under the Australian tax system. But these expenses should be directly related to the income which needs to be taxed. If the income is not directly related then expenses would not be deducted[4]. Application: Now all the provisions mentioned above needs to be applied in the given case. The discussion for each of the income earned by Peter is given below in detail: Peter had to sell his car so that he can bare his flight and other expenses. He had sold his car at loss of $35,000. Capital Gain Tax Australia clearly states that all personal asset of an individual would not be considered as a capital asset and hence no capital gain tax should be charged on it. Since the car was owned by Peter, it is assumed that the car is for less than 9 individuals and less than one tonne. Hence on the basis of this provision capital gain on the car sold by Peter would not be considered under assessable income for the year 2016. This point was very similar to the case of Fosters Australia Limited v Commissioner Concerned. Income assessable for the year 2016 would be NIL.[5] As per Australian Taxation Office if an individual has invested in any shares of company then it should also be treated as a capital asset. When shares are sold by the concerned person then capital gain tax needs to be charged on it. The given case is very similar to the case of South Australia v Totani (2010). Similar decision should be taken in this case where Peter had sold his shares at a profit for $6,000. This amount needs to be included while computing the assessable income of Peter. Income assessable for the year 2016 was $6,000.[6] Peter was working in a band which used to make music. They had a brand new album in Australia in 2015 for which they have won ARIA Award. Each member had received $20,000 as award. Since they were in a music band this needs to be considered as a partnership. Hence they should be taxed based on the profits which are shared among them. Australian Taxation Office clearly states that all the incomes earned through live performance should be included under assessable income. Tony Hollis was a live performer in Australia and after his album became a success, al the income earned by him through awards were taxable. In the same way award of $20,000 earned by Peter should also be included in the assessable income. Income assessable for the year 2015 was $20,000.[7] Their band was about to leave Australia in January 2016. Till that time they were giving live performances in Australia itself. They did live shows from July 2015 to 20th January 2016. For their live shows each member was given $140,000. As mentioned in the above point that any income received for giving live performance should be taxable, amount of $140,000 should also be taxable. Tony Hollis was a live performer in Australia and after his album became a success, al the income earned by him through awards were taxable. Income assessable for the year 2015 would be $140,000. [8] On 20th January, the entire team had gone to Britain for better prospects. They had received a great response for their live shows and performances for each member was awarded with $150,000. As discussed in the above two points, this is an income earned through live performance, hence it would be included in the assessable income of Peter. Apart from the income earned by them, all the expenses borne by the band in relation to the mentioned income should also be deducted from their income. Income assessable for the 2016 would be $150,000. [9] In September 2016, they have released an album in Britain which was very successful. Due to such a huge success every band member had received $30,000 as royalty. As per Australian Taxation Office royalty income earned by a musician should also be included in the assessable income. Music royalty have a very strong linkage to the individuals. In such cases musicians have the copyright to create music and can also license it for performances independent of corporates. Now since Peter and his colleagues has the copyright of the album, they are entitled to receive royalty. This royalty has to be considered in the assessable income of Peter. This has to be included in the year 2016. [10] Again in 2016 their band had won ARIA award in Australia for the new band released. Each member had receive $10,000. This amount would also be considered in the assessable income for the year 2016.[11] In the year 2017 band was continuing to receive royalty for the band which was released in the year 2016. Every member received $15,000 as royalty. Hence the given amount needs to be included in the assessable income for the year 2017. Now Britain had awarded the band in 2017 for their new album which was released in the year 2016. Each member had received $16,000 as an award. As per the provisions which were discussed in the above mentioned points, this royalty income also needs to be included in assessable income.[12] Conclusion: The total assessable income for Peter for the respective years are given below: In the year 2015 Peter had earned the following income which needs to be included in the assessable income: ARIA award earned by Peter amounting to $20,000 Amount received for live performance - $140,000 Total amount assessable in 2015 would be $160,000 In the year 2016 Peter had earned the following income which needs to be included in the assessable income: Profit earned by sale of shares - $6,000 Amount earned for live performance in Britain - $150,000 Royalty received for the new album 30,000 ARIA award received in Australia - $10,000 Total amount assessable in 2016 would be $196,000 In the year 2017 Peter had earned the following income which needs to be included in the assessable income: (ato.gov.au, 2017) Award received in 2017 for the album released in 2016 - $16,000 Royalty received in 2017 - $15,000 Total amount assessable in 2017 would be $31,000 Total assessable income for Peter would come to Year 2015 + Year 2016 + Year 2017 = $160,000 + $196,000 + $31,000 = $387,000 References artslaw, 2017. artslaw. [Online] Available at: https://www.artslaw.com.au/case-studies/entry/tony-hollis-performers-rights-to-payment-and-royalties/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. ato.gov.au, 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/international-tax-for-individuals/coming-to-australia/paying-tax-and-lodging a-tax-return/what-income-you-pay-tax-on/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. globalpropertyguide, 2017. globalpropertyguide. [Online] Available at: https://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Pacific/Australia/Taxes-and-Costs [Accessed 5th April 2017]. Government, A., 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/Working-out-your-capital-gain-or-loss/Working-out your-capital-gain/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. guides.dss.gov.au, 2017. guides.dss.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://guides.dss.gov.au/guide-social-security-law/4/3/9/40 [Accessed 5th April 2017]. HighCourtofAustralia, 2017. eresources.hcourt.gov. [Online] Available at: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/showCase/2010/HCA/39 [Accessed 5th April 2017]. indiankanoon, 2017. indiankanoon. [Online] Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/52028/ [Accessed 5th Aoril 2017]. Musicindustry, 2017. musicindustryinsideout. [Online] Available at: https://musicindustryinsideout.com.au/tax-guide-musicians/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. Government, A., 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/capital-gains-tax/cgt-exemptions,-rollovers-and-concessions/exemptions/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. Punchbuggy, 2017. artslaw. [Online] Available at: https://www.artslaw.com.au/art-law/entry/tax-for-artiststips-for-a-stress-free-tax-return/ [Accessed 5th April 2017]. royaltyexchange, 2017. royaltyexchange. [Online] Available at: https://www.royaltyexchange.com/learn/music-royalties#sthash.ZYALcZvk.dpbs [Accessed 5th April 2017]. smh.com.au, 2017. smh.com.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/ten-australian-artists-you-should-be-listening-to-right-now-20151102-gkona3.html [Accessed 5th April 2017].

Personal Identity Locke and Hume Essay Example

Personal Identity: Locke and Hume Paper By claiming that it does not necessarily belong to any one mind in particular is inferring then that the self is not in fact a property. Then how can it be said to exist? Thomas Reid (Macquarie, lecture 17) also raises an important objection to Lockes theory of personal identity that seems fairly self-evident to me. We can consider a man as: a child, then in middle age and at old age. If the man in middle age can remember occurrences when he was a young boy, but now that he is an old man cant, then can he be considered a different person from the young boy? We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Identity: Locke and Hume specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Identity: Locke and Hume specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Identity: Locke and Hume specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Locke the old man is the same as the middle aged one, and the middle aged is the same as the child. Yet there is no continuity of consciousness between the three, any break in memory would render them a non-person if we follow Lockes argument-clearly it is logically inconsistent. David Humes bundle theory of the self seems to me rather more logically coherent. He claimed that humans tend to think of themselves as the same person as they were, say, 10 years ago; that we believed that although one had evolved over the period in a number of ways that the self had endured. According to Hume however, this was a mistake, and when examined empirically no more than a practical habit: I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never observe anything but the perception(TI, vi, p. 251). It is clear, posits Hume, our thoughts and perceptions flow from one idea to the next; so we encounter a bundle, or grouping, of perceptions throughout our life but no actual continuous and enduring underlying self or I as a unity of consciousness. While there is a stability of perceptions over the short term, and some loose association of experiences, there is no overarching continuity of I in reality. Hume agrees that we extend over time in actions, we begin a job and finish it some time later, and that our desires also extend in some sort of continuity over time. Furthermore our physical bodies endure reasonably consistently; we age gradually. This according to Hume is what ultimately defines our sense of personal identity. While Humes theory of the self is attractive in my view, if anything it doesnt go far enough toward demonstrating the illusory nature of the I. According to many in the Eastern metaphysical traditions, particularly Buddhism, if we accept everything must be causal in nature, a position that empiricists such as Locke and Hume would agree, then phenomena must arrive in a mutually interdependent web. No thing can arise in and of itself intrinsically, but rather needs external causes to arise. This fundamental axiom can be found within the logical law of identity A=A. Or expressed another way A= not -A. For something to be said to exist, to have identity, we have to be able to contrast it with everything that it is not. In this way all things depend on others for existence; known in the Buddhist tradition variously as dependent origination or co-dependent arising, among other terms. Consciousness is what demarcates objects, phenomena etc, from what it is not . We, as conscious beings are constantly drawing boundaries-with our perceptions, concepts and so forth-defining the A, and always in an arbitrary fashion. For where can a boundary be objectively said to exist out there to any particular thing? It must ultimately reside within our minds. So too, in my opinion, can it be said the I itself. If we are indeed a collection of experiences, desires, and an embodied being over time, then that bundle we designate the self is also a construct created by consciousness; rather than an objective, inherently existent thing-in-itself. The account by Sacks (1985) of William Thompson whom has lost his memory due to Korsakovs syndrome also points to this reality, in my view. For if a personal identity relies on a sense of continuity through memory, as Locke would have it. And therefore can be effectively erased or pithed as Sacks puts it through damage to the brain, then how was the self ever an objectively existing thing in the first place? Surely then it is just another object of consciousness in Thompsons mind-what has been erased or damaged is a brains memory, not an personal identity-in-itself. Moreover that Thompson has to confabulate stories, in order to give himself some sense, or illusion, of continuity, points in my view to the fact that thats what we all do in our minds to some degree constantly. I may remember myself as being a top footballer as a teenager many years ago, but is it empirically, and more importantly, objectively true? Even the best memories can be deceptive, especially over longer periods. Thus like Thompson all we ultimately have is a self-narrative, at this moment, contained within our consciousness. Our self, while seemingly illusory, is ultimately what we define it to be in any given moment. In the Buddhist tradition this is known as the middle way. So, while Humes bundle theory of the self points us in the right direction by drawing into question Lockes unity of consciousness as a means of defining identity. And instead posits we understand our selves as a composition of many different and related yet constantly changing elements, it seems to me he still is reluctant to totally dispose of the idea that there can be an objectively or inherently existent I A self that ultimately perceives the unity of these various states and processes within us. In the tradition of the sceptic Hume himself, I remain dubious that such a unifier self can be said to objectively exist. References Hume, David. Of personal identity in A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume, David; Selby-Bigge, L. A. , 1972 , 251-253 . Locke, John. Of identity and diversity extract in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke, John; Nidditch, Peter H. , 1975 , 328-347. Macquarie University PHI130SP3 Mind, Meaning and Metaphysics: Week 9 Unit content. Parfit, Derek. Why our identity is not what matters extracts in Reasons and Persons, Parfit, Derek, 1984, 245-249, 253. Sacks, Oliver, A matter of identity in The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, Sacks, Oliver, 1985, 103-110. Shoemaker, David. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Personal Identity and Ethics. First published Tue Dec 20, 2005; substantive revision Wed Mar 5, 2008. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/identity-ethics/ (accessed November 3, 2008)